Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (433) 1 Marketing a) Global marketing strategy and global localisation (glocalisation). b) Different marketing approaches: • domestic/ethnocentric • mixed/geocentric • international/polycentric. c) Application and adaptation of the marketing mix (4Ps) to global markets. d) Application of Ansoff’s matrix and Porter’s matrix to global marketing decisions. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 5 Global expansion and uncertainty a) The impact on businesses of movements in exchange rates. b) Skill shortages and their impact on international competitiveness. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 4 Reasons for global mergers, takeovers or joint ventures a) Spreading risk and economies of scale. b) Entering new markets/trade blocs. c) Acquiring national/international brand names/patents. d) Securing resources/supplies. e) Maintaining/increasing global competitiveness. f) Reducing competition. g) Making use of local knowledge. h) Government or legal requirement. i) Accessing supply chains/distribution networks. j) Sharing costs/risks. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) Assessment of a country as a production location a) Factors to consider: • costs of production • skills and availability of labour force • infrastructure • location in trade bloc • government incentives • ease of doing business • political stability • natural resources • likely return on investment. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 2 Assessment of a country as a market a) Factors to consider: • levels and growth of disposable income • ease of doing business • infrastructure • political stability • exchange rates. b) Application of Porter’s five forces in assessing potential markets. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (432) 1 Conditions that prompt trade a) Push factors: • saturated markets • competition. b) Pull factors: • increased sales and profitability • risk spreading and economies of scale. c) Cost competitiveness by off-shoring and outsourcing. d) Extending the product life cycle. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (431) 5 Trading blocs a) Expansion of trading blocs: • EU and the single market • ASEAN • NAFTA. b) The impact on businesses of trading blocs. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (431) 4 Protectionism a) Reasons for protectionism. b) Tariffs. c) Import quotas. d) Other trade barriers: • government legislation • domestic subsidies. e) Impact on businesses of protectionism. Written for Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (431) 3 Factors contributing to globalisatiation a) Trade liberalisation, the reduction of trade barriers and the role of the WTO. b) Political change. c) Reduced cost of transport and communication. d) Increased significance of global (multinational) corporations (MNCs). e) Increased investment flows (FDI). f) Migration within and between economies. g) Growth of the global labour force. h) Structural change. i) Impact on businesses of increased globalisation. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (431) 2 International trade and business growth a) Exports and imports. b) Implications of increasing specialisation by countries and businesses. c) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and link to business growth. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (336)2 Contingency planning a) Identifying key risks through risk assessment: • natural disasters • IT systems failure • loss of key staff. b) Planning for risk mitigation: • business continuity • succession planning. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (336) 1 Key factors in change a) Organisational culture. b) Size of organisation. c) Time/speed of change. d) Managing resistance to change. e) Transformative leadership. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (335) 3 Human resources a) Calculate and interpret the following to help make business decisions: • labour productivity • labour turnover and retention • absenteeism. b) Limitations of these calculations. c) Human resource strategies to increase productivity and retention and to reduce turnover and absenteeism: • financial rewards • employee share ownership • consultation strategies • empowerment strategies. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (335) 2 Ratio analysis a) Calculate: • profitability (gross profit margin and profit for the year margin) • liquidity (current and acid test ratios) • gearing ratio • return on capital employed (ROCE). b) Interpret ratios to make business decisions. c) The limitations of ratio analysis. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (335) 1 Interpretation of financial statements a) Statement of comprehensive income (profit and loss account): • key information • stakeholder interest. b) Statement of financial position (balance sheet) • key information • stakeholder interest. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (334) 3 Business ethics a) Ethics of strategic decisions: trade-offs between profit and ethics. b) Pay and rewards. c) Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (334) 2 Stakeholder model versus shareholder model a) Internal and external stakeholders. b) Stakeholder objectives. c) Stakeholder and shareholder influences: • stakeholder: that the business considers all of its stakeholders in its business decisions/objectives • shareholder: that the business should focus purely on shareholder returns (increasing share price and dividends) in its business decisions/objectives. d) The potential for conflict between profit-based (shareholder) and wider objectives (stakeholder). Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (334)1 Corporate culture a) Strong and weak cultures. b) Classification of company cultures: • power • role • task • person. c) How corporate culture is formed. d) Difficulties in changing an established culture. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (333) 5 Contribution a) Nature and purpose of contribution. b) Calculation and interpretation of contribution. c) Use of contribution as a decision-making technique. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation

Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business (333) 4 Critical path analysis a) Nature and purpose of critical path analysis. b) Complete and interpret simple networks to identify the critical path. c) Calculate: • earliest start time • latest finish time • total float. d) Limitations of using critical path analysis. Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation